Abstract  because of the failure of the past have been without the existence of material form, so directly in the establishment of the physical laws of mathematics reference system, which makes physical laws out of their own objective reality. By analyzing the movement objects and the role of non-material form, we will inertial quality, and Newton's Second Law, the kinetic energy equation, quality equation, momentum, etc. re profound understanding, thus revealing the physical laws of nature.

    Keywords  inertial，quality,，and，Newton's，Second，Law,，kinetic，energy,，mass-energy，equation,，momentum

All the movement of objects is not dependent on the absolute mathematical space, but relies on material and space.

We played in front of an analogy: You fish in the water, the water flows relative to the bank.

Well, fish and movement of forces and what is relevant?

Fish force and movement of water is inextricably linked with, rather than with reference to the shore of the mathematical directly linked.

Objects are like fish without water is like material form; The movement of objects depends on where it forms the material without space, and not directly dependent on mathematical space.

Prior to the understanding of physical laws, we must analyze the basic physics concepts clearly. Only such a clear concept of physics, physics will be more solid!

1, the gravitational mass and inertial mass

People did not distinguish between the past and inertial mass and gravitational mass, but they called the unified quality. In fact, they are essentially different.

[Gravitational quality]

Gravitational quality reflects the quality of the objects contained the number is constant, still Said.

[Inertial quality]

The inertial mass of the objects reflect the characteristics of the movement, reflected by the external object is the time to accelerate the difficulty level is variable.

Inertia and objects not only the quality of their own gravitational mass; Inertia quality of the space in which the objects of material density of the form, (no material density of different forms, even the same object, and its inertia quality also vary.) ; Inertia quality relative to objects with no form of physical space the speed of the movement. (Low speed when objects accelerate easy, high-speed, objects on the more difficult to accelerate.)

Below use Representatives of inertial mass,

(2.1)

Inertia is the quality of space and objects which form the material without functional relationship between the density.

Inertia is the quality and form of objects relative to material without the space between the velocity function.

Space in the surface, the density of no more material form for the uniform , ,

Kauffman, and many other people from doing the quality and speed of the experimental know

(2.2)

At low speed, Approximate equal to 1, when the low-speed surface

Thus, even the surface, low-speed movement objects, the objects with gravitational mass inertia quality is the numerical equivalent. (Only in the numerical equivalent, which, in essence, is completely different.)

Please note that (2.2) where the speed of light in which the object is no morphological space corresponding speed of light material.

[Eritrea缶experimental]

Hungarian physicist Eritrea缶in 1906

Do a famous experiment to prove that the quality and gravitational

Inertia equal quality. Figure 2.1. Using particle

Chord hoisting, always achieve a balanced position,

It will be three in 1) the Earth's gravitational G,

At the center of the Earth; 2) due to the rotation of the earth

Particle inertia will be a centrifugal force F; 3) chord tension on the particle T.

Importantly, the G proportional to the gravitational mass, F proportional to the inertial mass. Eritrea缶careful comparison

A variety of different substances, such as wood, platinum, copper, asbestos, water, copper sulfide, etc., hanging up after Chord

The equilibrium position of the changes, the results do not see any changes.

Physicists think that the "zero" The results mean that the quality of gravitational mass equivalent to inertia.

...

How to understand Eritrea缶experiment?

We should know that Eritrea缶experimental surface is in the same location, and the speed of objects zero.

We say, inertial mass and gravitational mass to meet the following relationship

On the surface, ; And , , Which can be a

Therefore, in Eritrea缶experiments, the various objects of inertia and gravitational mass equivalent quality is inevitable.

-- If no space objects which form objects or substances of different densities of different velocity, gravitational mass and inertial quality is not the equivalent.

2, Newton's Second Law

Suffered a zero external objects, in which it objects relative to the total space of the form material acceleration zero.

When the object of foreign forces suffered no zero, which it objects relative to the total non-material form the acceleration of space objects with the quality of the product of inertia suffered objects equivalent of foreign forces.

(2.3)

This is the more profound Newton's Second Law.

Note:

Newton's "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy," he described in the second law of when Hou, this to say: Momentum changes and the increase in direct proportion to the momentum. (2.4)

This is Newton's second law of the original expression.

Attention to the quality of Newton's era that is not with the speed of change. When the inertial mass with the speed of change is when momentum is not The form of a.

-- You will understand the momentum behind the form.

The reason I re-describe inertial quality, and the reason I say that is the re-definition or description of the second law is to make physical concept more clarity.

3, the kinetic energy equation

The kinetic energy of objects it is the object relative to the total which no material form with space movement of energy.

Kinetic energy is derived to us . If the start of the particle morphology for the non-static material and space , The kinetic energy is zero at this time ; Particle movement in a straight line under external force, when the rate of particle movement , It has the kinetic energy equivalent to the work done by foreigners. That is,

The And Substituting into,

, ,

(2.5)

(1) of surface material in space, objects slow movement.

At this point the momentum

(2.6)

This is our common kinetic energy equation.

(2) under normal circumstances.

At this point the momentum

(2.7)

This is under normal circumstances formula for the kinetic energy of objects.

(3) Next, we see a special situation.

On the surface, when the object velocity equivalent to the speed of light, its kinetic energy is how much?

It is the kinetic energy

(2.8)

This is what? This is not mass-energy equation!

4, quality equation

Quality is the conservation, the energy is conserved.

Mass and energy are not converted, they are essentially two completely different things.

Nuclear fusion occurred, will produce large quantities of high-energy close to the speed of light "particles" that these "particles" taken away quality; The quality is taken to reduce the nucleus. These "particles" from the kinetic energy is transformed into the nucleus of the past. -- Quality is the conservation, the energy is conserved.

The kinetic energy from the above formula (2.8), it is not difficult to see that the particles away to meet the quality and the relationship between the energy

(2.9)

Now we are very physical geography of why such a "quality equation."

...

Einstein that can be transformed into mass and energy, atomic fusion, the energy released is entirely to the quality of the conversion.

The quality, energy two completely different things equivalent to it not far-fetched?

[Material changes in the state]

We all know that the melting heat of solid, liquid heat of vaporization.

For example, the ice melting heat - in the unit mass of ice melting point, (0 ° C) for the complete melting temperature of the water with the necessary calories.

Well, no form of material and form into each other when the material is material more fundamental change, this transformation is accompanied by energy absorption or release? ? ?

Can we say this, the most basic material in the universe is composed of non-material form. Form material is not material in the form of a spray were blossoming.

No material corresponding to a form of energy state, no form of material is low energy state; Implicit is the state.

The material forms a corresponding energy state, is the high-energy form of material state; State is significant.

No form of a low-energy material corresponding state - 0, form a high-energy material corresponding state - 1.

No form of material into a form substances to absorb energy, material marked by implicit state into state.

-- Absorb the energy and transformation of the quality equation between meet

Conversely, no form of material into a form of material should be released energy, material from the state was a hidden state.

-- And the energy released from the meeting between the transformation of the quality equation

Energy conservation, the quality is conserved.

However, the material changes accompanied by state energy absorption and release.

We look at the Bose - Einstein condensed matter reflected by the laws.

When the material form when the temperature close to absolute zero, it has not had any energy, so fast without completely transformed into a material form.

[Electron Positron Annihilation]

Experiments show that the electron-positron annihilation into photon will. The photon energy and the quality of the electronic meeting between the quality equation.

...

This is a form of non-material form of material into the process, form without substance into shape material to release energy, the energy released from the meeting between quality and quality equation,

No material turn into shape patterns of energy absorbing material between quality and meet the quality equation. -- Electron Positron the photovoltaic conversion of this kind of phenomenon, and so the response.

We from the original basic physics perspective briefly explore the electron-positron annihilation.

There are no electronic radius?

Since it is a particle radius should have it, we assume that the radius of the electronic , Electricity evenly distributed in the surface of the electronic ball, we from the ideal situation to explore the annihilation (only consider static electricity role).

Starting from the electron-positron, the electric potential energy between them to zero.

Arbitrary time between them for electric potential energy

(2.10)

When the full integration of the electron-positron electrical potential energy between them

-- This time without morphology material into shape material, we can see that no form of the material is a low energy state.

The energy released from the electric potential energy equivalent reduction

This calculation for the electronic radius

(2.11)

Special emphasis is that this is very satisfactory, the role of the electron-positron annihilation will not be that simple, we should know that no form of distribution is a material level, in the vicinity of non-electronic form than the density of surface material in a vacuum, the rate at this time of capacitance Than , The radius is likely to electronic than this calculated value to the small.

Thus, even in the electron-positron annihilation, we are talking about material changes along with the absorption and release of energy, potential energy and electric light energy is converted into the equivalent description.

In the relativistic view of the electron-positron annihilation, the quality of the energy released is coming from, then ask, which reduce electrical potential energy to?

But two electronic approach each other when the kinetic energy increases, the theory of relativity that the quality of their movement, the total energy; Why not the quality of the whole movement into energy?

Friends, the quality, energy two completely different things equivalent to it not far-fetched?

[Binding energy]

Let's look at what we can combine the binding energy is the definition of the relationship between use

Then, the binding energy is the essence of existence is similar to the process of electron-positron annihilation?

In other words, the proton, neutron, atomic nucleus contains both positive and negative charge of the electronic components; A nucleus, corresponding to the electron-positron so the son could be eliminated.

For example, by a deuteron is a proton and a neutron; The quality and deuteron than a proton and a neutron reduction of the total mass is just about four electronic quality.

-- Equivalent to two pairs of electron-positron annihilation of such a charge.

For example, tritium from nuclear is a form protons and two neutrons, and the deuteron than the quality of a proton and two neutrons reduced the total mass is just about 16 electronic quality.

-- Equivalent to eight pairs of electron-positron annihilation of such a charge.

For example, helium by nuclear protons and two neutrons two consisting of, and the mass ratio of helium two protons and two neutrons decrease of the total mass is just about 56 electronic quality.

-- Equivalent to 28 pairs of electron-positron annihilation of such a charge.

The binding energy is the energy to change the state of the material accompanied by a more straightforward and another, more convenient formulation.

We say that the quality is the quality, energy is the energy, which are two completely different things, can not be transformed into each other.

Photon's quality is not zero, for the quality of photon

The photon theory of relativity that the quality will still zero, then according to the relativistic velocity, mass-energy relation, momentum formula, in the medium photon energy, momentum and definitely zero. This is an objective physical reality and completely contradictory!

5, momentum

Momentum is whether the objects (2.12) of this form?

(2.12)

This is not accurate, this description does not reveal the nature of momentum. Rather, the momentum is momentum theorem reflect the essence of sources - forcing in the impulse particles, particle momentum equal to the increment.

Figure 2.2, a system without outside the reason why

Conservation of momentum, because the system is the internal force with force

Reaction force, always the same size, the opposite direction, and

Role of the time and always correspond equal; Therefore system

The overall impulse to zero, the system's momentum conservation.

Particle forcing in the impulse, equal to the incremental particle momentum.

We let the objects initial velocity is zero, forcing the linear movement, the momentum to the derivation formula.

, ,

Substituting into a

When the speed of objects When objects Momentum , The arbitrary momentum

(2.13)

(1) surface, the object slow movement, For constants.

(2.14)

This is our common Momentum formula.

Speed's direction is the direction of momentum with Vector said,

(2) Under normal circumstances,

(2.15)

This is under normal circumstances, momentum formula.

Speed's direction is the direction of momentum with Vector said,

Speed direction for the unit direction vector.

(3) we see a special situation, in the surface, when the speed of objects , The size of objects momentum for how much?

On the surface, And when , ,

(2.16)

[Imaginary quality of the natural world there is a negative quality? ]

Some scientists by measuring particles of energy, momentum to calculate the static quality of particles. They use relativistic energy, momentum formula to calculate:

(2.17)

When the campaign is the energy particle, When is the static energy particles, The particle movement is momentum.

Because, So

(2.18)

The quality is the static particles.

Scientists accurately measuring the energy of the particles , Momentum , They found that: Less than zero, negative.

In other words, the quality of a particle geostationary square negative.

A particle static quality to the square of negative meaningful? ! Obviously not, and this is precisely the relativistic energy, momentum formula may be wrong.

Scientists discovered that their measurements are accurate, and is not opposed to the theory of relativity, and so they think that a virtual particle quality.

Friends, what negative nature in the quality of virtual mass? !

We might look at some simple examples:

We say that we each have a hands apples, this is an objective we all have seen are understandable.

We say that we each have a negative hands of Apple, this objective is met Who? Another who can understand? !

We say that we each have a virtual hands of Apple, this objective is met Who? Another who can understand? ! !

Alas! We explore physics problems in any case must not run counter to the objective facts!

So why Less than zero, negative?

Before we deduced, in the surface, when the speed of particles ,

Particles Momentum:

The energy of particles:

Then

(2.19)

This value is less than zero.

Thus, when the objects at high speed, Less than zero is very natural. There are virtual particles is not the quality.

6, function The form

Below us preliminary inference about function The form.

Inertia quality is no form of material objects with the result of space, according to logical inference, when no form of material density increases exponentially when multiplied increased if the quality of inertia better, function The form

(2.20)

For the inertia factor, as Therefore, ; No space for the surface morphology

Material density.

We look at a particular photon in different secret

No form of the material and space movement of energy.

We look at, the speed of different photon can

Whether the same amount? ? ?

Figure 2.3, set for the quality of a photon , We have to calculate the density of photons in different forms no campaign material in the space of energy.

The kinetic energy equation (2.7) - know photon energy (energy)

(2.21)

In the absence of material density of shape The space, the energy of photons

In the absence of material density of shape The space, the energy of photons

Thus, the photon density in the different forms of dissemination of material in space, although different speed, but the energy is conserved.

Perhaps, this is the harmonious beauty of Light Department! !

7, the law of reflection, refraction law

Figure 2. 4, we know that when a small ball in the

Smooth plane completely elastic collision, the energy ball

Unchanged, suffered outside the ball is normal direction, the ball

Tangent momentum in the direction of the same weight.

Figure 2. 5 Similarly, when the photon in the media boundaries

Surface reflection or refraction at the same photon energy, light

Tangent momentum in the direction of the weight of the same.

In one area:

Photon energy of

Photon Momentum size

In Area 2:

Photon energy of

Photon Momentum size

[Law of reflection]

Reflection before photon momentum in the direction of the tangent components:

After reflection photon momentum in the direction of the tangent components:

(2.22)

Angle equivalent reflection angle - that is law of reflection.

[Refraction law]

Refraction ago photon momentum in the direction of the tangent components:

After photon momentum refraction in the direction tangent to the weight:

The , Into,

That is,

Because, ,

Therefore, (2.23)

This is precisely the surface of light refraction in media law.

Friends, we in the classical physics of natural, objective, reasonable under the framework of time and space, made no material form the ideological, making the law more physical nature of the effective! Makes all the physical laws of physics experiments, physical phenomena become very natural, harmonious, logical!

Qi Ji

In November 1991 draft

Subsequently numerous refinements

References:

[1] Guangzheng Ni-chung,李洪芳series. Modern Physics. Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing House, 1979.

[2] Tan Shujie, Wang Hua series. A major physics experiments. Science and Technology Literature Publishing House,

1987.

[3] Guo Yi-ling,沈慧君series. Renowned classical physics experiment. Beijing Science and Technology Press,

1991.

[4] "The Complete Works of Einstein" Hunan Science and Technology Press, 2002.

[5]蔡伯POON series. Special relativity. Higher Education Press, 1991.

[6] F. for Cayman, C. Miller. Today's physics. Beijing. Scientific publishers. 1981.

[7]马文蔚adaptation. Physics. Higher Education Press, 1999.

[8] Zhang Yuan Zhong. Special relativity experimental basis. Science Press, 1979.

[9]黄德民. On the essence of physical phenomena. Shaanxi Science and Technology Press, 2001.

[10] Lei yuan Star. Time chaotic. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 2001.

[11] Yang Jian Ye, only GE. Eminent physicist errors. Wuhan in Central China Normal University Press.

1986.

[12] Liu Qixin, "Detection Ethernet Wind explained how the three different results" .2003 years.

[13] "published in the world's science and Translation"

[14] "natural philosophy Series"

[15] "Scientific American" Series

[16] "Physics"

A NO-SHAPE - SUBSTANCE IS THE FOUNDATION

ALL PHYSICS LAWS DEPEND ON

-- The Second Part of New Physics

JI QI

(School of Electronic Engineering, Daqing Petroleum Institute,

Daqing 163318, China.E-mail: qiji8111@163.com)

Keywords: Inertial Mass, Newton's Second Law, Kinetic Energy, Mass-Energy Equation, Momentum