Abstract  photon and the positive and negative particles that are the product of the quantum electromagnetic field, photon is a quantum alternating electromagnetic field, particle is equivalent to the quantum of static electromagnetic field; Stability elementary particle by a static quality of the electricity sub-zero (or magnetic quantum) to the speed of light along the radius of the track for spin campaign The formation, the quality of electricity equivalent to the above (or magnetic quantum) theory of relativity quality; all the elementary particle quantum electromagnetic posed by the different quantum states and the energy intensity of the magnetic field structure; nuclear power is the essence of the static magnetic quantum of performance. In the above understanding on the basis of this paper explored elementary particle composition of the electromagnetic characteristics and laws.

    Keywords  photons,，Poland,，son，of，electricity,，magnetic，quantum,，elementary，particle

First, the quantum wave equivalent of tablets

In 1905 Einstein to explain the photoelectric effect, the proposed light quantum hypothesis that the light is not only a volatility of the electromagnetic wave, but a particle of the light quantum, which transmit and receive in the course of a particle. Good light quantum hypothesis to explain the photoelectric effect, and for the laboratory confirmed that it had won the bid for the general.

According to the theory of relativity and energy of the light quantum hypothesis, each photon energy (1)

(1.1)

Type in the frequency v light, the photon energy can be calculated photon's theory of relativity Quality:

(1.2)

Because (1.3)

Thus, a photon of the relativistic mass and energy:

(1.4)

In this paper, Einstein's theory of photon on the basis of further assumptions: Photon positive and negative particles and electromagnetic fields are the quantum of product. By mutual electromagnetic quantum photon excitation, a mutual conversion in the mutual conversion process, the consumption of energy and magnetic quantum equivalent; The positive and negative particles is the process, the quantum of electromagnetic energy is not equal to the product.

A combination of plans, assumptions photon parallel to the paper by a circular motion for the formation of a power-inspired paper for the same perpendicular to the magnetic quantum constitute a movement, the photon wavelength half of the electricity for half a perimeter The other half is the magnetic quantum half perimeter .

Therefore, in - Because

So

If Axis admission is negative, photon energy equation is as follows:

(1.5)

Said on the pros and cons of each photon energy, because of the photon is its own anti-particle, so always photon energy form.

But The only form of energy.

Figure 2 show has two other special form:

(1) When When

(1.6)

At this time, the energy equivalent of electricity increased by the failure of energy conversion and only in the form of particles exist. In such conditions, the son of electricity in the closed state, as the main body of particles and magnetic quantum has become the existence of this force (magnetic or nuclear power), by which the particles are formed.

(2) When When

(1.7)

At this time, the equivalent magnetic quantum energy increases, energy conversion and by the failure to particle morphology exists, as the magnetic quantum particles formed the mainstay of the anti-particles.

The type of symbols representing the positive and negative particles, which can not be construed as positive and negative energy. When the meeting positive and negative particles, due to meet the conditions of the photon, , And the positive and negative particles in destroying into two photons. Thus, this article holds that photons are particles and anti-particles of quantum electromagnetic field are three forms, but also the presence of three substances form, and they are the electromagnetic quantum different manifestations of the movement.

This concluded that elementary particle by the electromagnetic quantum spin campaign for the formation of the quality and energy of their relationship can be expressed as follows:

(1.8)

Type of The spin of the particle radius. The physical meaning of it is: the quality of an elementary particle by a son of electricity (or magnetic quantum) to the speed of light Along the radius of The track for a spin campaign, quality Radius with spin In inverse proportion.

To illustrate such logic is reasonable, we will look at the quantum mechanical description of the particle. We know that the particles of spin in the campaign, particle angular momentum must meet Bohr's quantum condition (2)

(1.9)

Among them, Spin is the angular velocity of particles, Particle is the quality. This hypothetical elementary particle is along the radius of The track to the speed of light Electricity consumption for the campaign of spin (or magnetic quantum) pose. Therefore, in - From the speed of light Instead, in the quality - Electricity can be seen as a son (assuming the static electricity sub-zero mass) to the speed of light Movement formed by relativistic quality, include:

(1.10)

Transform, the type can be derived:

(1.11)

Due to the speed of light by the Elementary Particles Along the radius of The spin-orbit for the movement of electricity (or magnetic quantum) components, it can speed the appearance of particles zero at this time of electricity (or magnetic quantum) is the quality of relativistic particles static quality.

The appearance by the speed of particles under-said:

(1.12)

Type in the velocity vector As with the speed of light And , , The angle , , To that, its components are:

, , (1.13)

Also, the frequency of particle spin For

(1.14)

- (1.11) have the following equivalent relationship:

(1.15)

Photon and particle that is, in essence, is exactly the same, that is equivalent to the wavelength photon particles spin perimeter.

With the above assumptions on elementary particle, we can further explore the other elementary particle properties (mainly in the electronic and paper Proton as an example). As long as one of the static quality of elementary particle can be calculated and the frequency of its spin radius:

Elementary particle radius of the spin:

(1.16)

From electronics, the ultra-proton spin radius of this type are available to describe:

Electron spin radius

(1.17)

Proton spin radius

(1.18)

Elementary particle's spin frequency:

(1.19)

Electron spin frequency

(1.20)

Proton spin frequency

(1.21)

Second, elementary particle characteristics of the electromagnetic

This article: electromagnetic photon quantum and elementary particle movement are different manifestations. The difference between photons and elementary particle is: photonic equivalent to the quantum alternating electromagnetic field, electromagnetic quantum mutual excitation, mutual conversion, in the process of transformation between, all the energy will be transmitted to the other side, and in the space of linear speed of light along Dissemination; Particles are equivalent to the quantum of static electromagnetic field from the mutual electromagnetic quantum excitation and mutual restraint and form a stable quantum state (which can also be seen as equivalent to a quantum current loop or magnetic dipole), in the space of only below the speed of light The speed of movement.

Therefore, the elementary particle still has electromagnetic properties. In order to prove the above argument, we can further explore the elementary particle of spin magnetic moment and magnetic field strength and other issues Center:

This assumption: elementary particle by a static quality to bring electricity to zero The son of electricity to the speed of light Around radius of The track for a spin circular motion and the quantum electromagnetic system. We can be seen as equivalent to a circular current loop.

(1) According to a circular current formula of electricity generated by spin and the current intensity (3)

(2.1)

Through on-translate into:

Electronic circular current strength

(2.2)

Proton circular current strength

(2.3)

(2) According to Albert Austria - Savimbi Laval law, the central circular current magnetic field strength (4)

Order

(2.4)

Would - (2.5) into the ((2.4) type, available:

(2.5)

Type of (Vacuum magnetic conductivity), For electronic electricity We translate into electron and proton magnetic field strength at the center:

(2.6)

(2.7)

Characterization of the magnetic field strength center is the magnetic particles inherent attributes. From the above values, we can see that all of its particles are bound by a strong magnetic field at the center of the electromagnetic quantum system, implying an unusually strong energy, and such a strong static magnetic quantum of is nuclear power.

This paper that nuclear power is the constant magnetic field of Quantum, a short-range and saturation of nature to the electromagnetic force differentiated, but its essence is still magnetic.

The proton and the neutron spin Center unusually strong magnetic field intensity while, but with the power of spin excitation Central mutual restraint, and is self-contained and therefore is not exposed external. But in the neutron star or pulsar, as a powerful gravitational anomalies under, all of the electricity lines are perpendicular to the magnetic force for circular motion, which would make the magnetic quantum exposed, so that neutron star or pulsar showing a strong external magnetic field strength. Its magnetic field strength equal to , That is the center of the neutron magnetic field strength.

(2) for the electron spin magnetic moment

(2.8)

Would - (1.11) into the on - in:

(2.9)

Would - (2.1) into the , But also for the same result. Therefore, any one of the smallest charged particles can spin magnetic moment from the next-said:

(2.10)

Type of The spin of the particle radius. Any elementary particle spin magnetic moment of the area is proportional to its spin round, it is elementary particle characterization of the external magnetic field appear attributes. The elementary particle of spin extremely high frequency, subject to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, there is no defined spin round space, therefore, elementary particle magnetic moment are greater than the actual value of this.

The electronic and proton spin-on into the radius can be calculated their smallest magnetic moment, namely nuclear magnetic Bohr magnetic son and son.

Third, the combination of elementary particle and their unity

This paper further that: All the elementary particle are excited by the electromagnetic quantum mutual, a mutual restraint and the quantum system, the different attributes of elementary particle quantum systems are the different quantum states of different magnetic field strength and performance. The quality of Elementary Particles Energy Magnetic field strength and its center are inversely proportional to the radius relations with the spin, spin radius of the smaller its quality Energy The greater the intensity of the magnetic field and center.

The quark theory with the existing different, we think that all of the elementary particle by electricity and magnetic quantum two quantum structure, two different quantum energy state and a different mix all of the elementary particle. The following table lists the most elementary particle composition of the different quantum states and spin radius of the reference values.

In order to make elementary particle's quantum state that visualize, we used special symbols representing different electromagnetic quantum state, the combination of "elementary particle with periodic table," the elementary particle is different quantum state as follows:

, 2000: representatives of the electricity sub-closed state, does not mean that charge, which is the magnetic quantum counterparts. In the table particles that are the main parts.

●: quantum magnetic representative of the closed state, without charge, which is the counterpart of electricity. In the table that the main parts of the anti-particles.

↗, →, : L-magnetic quantum representatives, and expressed the different L-magnetic quantum energy state, the state energy increases from left to right. No charge. Major said that nuclear power and direction.

↙, ←, : Representative dextral magnetic quantum. The remaining Ibid.

﹝: a representative of electricity, with a positive charge. Paired with the dextral magnetic quantum.

1999: A representative of electricity, with a negative charge. With L-magnetic quantum pairs.

Son of electricity consumption and incompatible follow Pauli principle; With the magnetic quantum magnetic quantum superposition.

Following is the specific particle quantum state:

→, ←: behalf of a photon by an L-magnetic quantum excitation form a negative electronics, and electronic excitation negative form a dextral magnetic quantum; Dextral magnetic quantum is also a form of electronic excitation is also excited electronic form an L-magnetic quantum, and the completion of such a cycle of energy transfer.

﹝ ● ﹞: that an anti-photon particles, complete the form: ﹝ ← → ﹞.

↗ ﹞: Representative negative electronics, a Central stimulate consumption of L-magnetic quantum, the center was formed by the binding and stable magnetic exist. Because of the electronic spin and the Central Electricity generated about 19.6 A, the center of the magnetic field strength Tesla, which can be electronic stability there.

(↙: behalf of a positron, a son of electricity a dextral surround the magnetic quantum spin Central external significant positive charge. The exception is the electronic charge and spin direction and negative electronic different, fundamentally different from Figure 2 shows: they constitute the main body is different.

Electron spin radius of However, we do not see it as a radius of The point particles, the material under the de Broglie wave length formula, the movement of particles should have a wavelength

(3.1)

Would - (1.11) on the income-generation, a

(3.2)

Single-particle is on the de Broglie wavelength formula, that is the de Broglie wavelength Elementary Particles Equivalent to its spin perimeter Multiplied by the speed of light With the appearance of speed The ratio. Note on the Type, when elementary particle rate far below the speed of light, the main performance for particle; When speed close to the speed of light, are mainly manifested as volatility.

As all of elementary particle by the electromagnetic quantum spin campaign composition, elementary particle size should be the absolute quantum of electromagnetic geometry decision, but modern physics Currently, we can not determine the size of the electromagnetic quantum itself. The current compromise proposal is that when the rate much lower than the speed of light, can be seen as elementary particle size of the radius of the point particle spin; When speed close to the speed of light, can be seen as the wavelength of spin perimeter of the point infinitesimal particles.

Similarly, other particles can not be seen as a spin-size particle radius of the point.

Son and The son of the same quantum state and electronics, but The spin of electronic small radius ratio.

↗, →, : Representing three different neutrino energy, in essence they are identical. Neutrinos are elementary particle decay in the energy released when the magnetic quantum, a spin frequency, but because neutrinos to the speed of light running, it is difficult to measured static quality, but through its energy relativistic computable its quality. Neutrino in the absence of electricity with its combination there is no charge, at the same time, because of their high energy, in the electromagnetic field in general it is very difficult curved, so it is difficult neutrinos interact with other substances.

↙, ←, : Representatives of the anti-neutrino is different energy dextral magnetic quantum.

← (, (: Representing several different energy meson. Meson is the son of a nuclear power and ultra-high-energy ring stimulate the formation of magnetic quantum, the carrier is nuclear power. Meson alone is not formed, can only happen in the super-decay was released, and quickly decay into electronic and neutrino. ﹞ →, ﹞ Meson is the anti-particles, and their spin and charge Meson contrary.

, ← (: Proton representatives, as shown in Figure 3, by a proton spin radius of Central and the son of an electricity Meson composition. Figure that the power lines in the proton in space inspired by the field.

○ ← (↗ ﹞: neutron said the quantum state. Figure shows, the difference between neutron and proton is: an electronic neutron capture, and make it in Asia Meson state, as positive and negative charge offset, no significant external neutron electric. Because Meson energy is much higher than electronic, the electronic equivalent of the neutron capture after being幽禁, unable to demonstrate the electronic properties. Similarly, other elementary particle can not be seen as a simple combination of several particles.

→, ← 1999 (: The ultra-quantum state, by a son and two electricity magnetic quantum structure, is the son of a super-special combinations.

From The ultra - Ultra-equivalent Super different energy of the meson and the combination. Super - is based on "elementary particle with periodic table" with the law and conjecture that the super-sons, the literature has not yet formally recorded. Its characteristic is the quality of about 1,700 Because of the external meson at saturation point, not participate in strong interaction, nature similar to the photon.

This article will Son, , Re-classified as ultra-on the grounds that they are further evolution of the super-renewal. And Son of the composite particles, great quality, is its own anti-particle.

To For the super-sub-sector, Son, , Son shown again lepton, the characteristics of meson, which also showed the elementary particle with a cyclical. The main reason for such a cyclical their nuclear power lies in this cycle reached a saturation point, the end of this cycle of signs; At the same time, we also foretells the beginning of the next cycle.

The elementary particle of the above, we find that the elementary particle shown remarkable regularity, and cyclical, quality shows us that its energy state, and in the external particles are mainly reflects their nature.

And the marked difference between the formation of quark theory is, the paper that our world is the lightest two smallest particles - of electricity and magnetic quantum components, which are the cornerstone of all things; The quark theory is that the quality of elementary particle composed of greater Quark, it must seek the help of origin material high-energy accelerators. From this point of view, quark theory for the origin of a process, it is precisely the goal of creating, we are constantly trying to make things we deliberately seek.

References:

(1) Cheng Shou-soo, Jiang Yong series of "ordinary physics," Higher Education Press, Release 5, No. 3, 329;

(2) Zhang Hui editor of "College Physics" Qinghua University Press, August 2000, Beijing, p81;

(3) Lin Qi, Miss Wan, and so for the "atomic physics", Fujian People's Publishing House, in June 1985, p48 pages;

(4) Miss hundred poems for "College Physics", scientific publishers, the new version of, p366 pages;

Appendix:

Elementary particle with periodic table