Abstract  uncertainty relation significance of the decision on the establishment of a new model of the electronic structure of quantum mechanics and landscaping. Strict movement equation to track deformation can be uncertainty relation to the uncertainty that a decision on relations with non-determinism and the double meaning. Take advantage of this discovery and inspired by the model of the internal structure of an electron can be improved interpretation of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics logic system landscaping (decrease prerequisite for the establishment of the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics are not required when the intuitive imagination). Since the situation has changed uncertainty principle and classical movement of相斥for compatibility, in terms of quantum mechanics can also use the concept of the track and wave function (or statistical regularity), resulting in simplified calculation of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics to explain update system, landscaping quantum mechanical effects.

    Keywords  uncertainty，relation，significance，of，the，decision,，explaining，quantum，mechanics,，the，concept，of，the，track,，with，rail，lin

Key words: O413.1

Can strict proof of uncertainty relations have decided on significance. [1] proved that the experimental Bell inequality in excessive cooperation may also be caused by secondary radiation, but may also have been Bell's inequality itself. Taking into account experimental interpretation of the non-uniqueness of the uncertainty relation proved decisive and non-determinism of the dual significance will enable the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and localized it is explained by the theory of mutual exclusion, which will become compatible. They will be compatible after some unexpected results (for example, the only change in the concept of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics does not overturn the logic system and greatly beautify quantum mechanics).

Quantum mechanics is the description of the micro-world theory, it has successfully describes the wide variety of elementary particle. However, it was initially built on the atomic structure is based on the theory. Elementary particle theory is not the in-depth development of the "theory of atomic structure in the soil on the growth of" quantum theory have a big impact (failed to eliminate the number of basic assumptions, enhance its logic to beautify it). This phenomenon in the technology sector is not normal. From this we can draw at least two conclusions: first, the need to do landscaping use of elementary particle theory of quantum mechanics, this research direction is at least a useful attempt for the exchange and discussion of the merits; Secondly, it is not appropriate to the elementary particle structure theory has been denied to beautify the success of the theory of quantum mechanics .

1 uncertainty relation compatible with the classical laws of motion that the logic

Statistics of quantum mechanics and classical quantum mechanics theory of the existence of deep faults, it makes theoretical and experimental observations can not be closed in the theory of self, which is the basis of quantum theory difficulties. The belief that "occasional accidental is still behind the" hard science called "science" (at least it can become bleak indicative shine). Therefore, in certain statistics, it is also necessary for the inevitability of Inquiry and tracking. Right after the founding of quantum mechanics in the 20 to 30 years time, people have a strong hope of finding from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics theory of the transition (that is hoped to classical mechanics and quantum mechanics compatible results). Just hold that hope that the generation of people waiting for a long time always disappointing, and most of all with a disappointing return to nature. The authority of the new generation and the older generation still stay worldly people that now there is no hope for a strong (or suppression of such mandatory only hope). However, there are sufficient reasons for this rekindled hope that this fire.

Quantum mechanics building is built on that track movement, exclusion classic campaign on the basis of the law, and denied that the track is the basis for the movement of the Heisenberg uncertainty relations are derived and the non-determinism significance. Demonstrated uncertainty relation can not deny that track movement of the quantum mechanical effects can well be imagined. Please readers should not lightly use this non-logic factors have denied the "first impression." Otherwise, may easily be swayed by habitual thinking.

It has been said that "the United States things are simple things." Authors believe that the United States is a concise, or the US side of things are simple. Despite the logic of this chapter is the use of relatively simple, but as long as the paper derives the logic of the process is rigorous, people change the way they think the hesitation but will become smaller. In the history of science, there are "using concise description of the profound problems" examples. In addition, the "simple" has always been a characteristic of classical mechanics, as long as the use of classical mechanics, simple side is inevitable.

1.1 by the classical laws of motion deformation by uncertainty relations in several ways [2]

The curvature radius of curvature and inversely proportional to the curvature radius of curvature and the plot must be a constant. For any curve campaign, with the curvature radius of curvature is inversely proportional. We consider an arbitrary uniform circular motion, said with curvature radius r with deflection angle θ (or its sine sin θ) curvature. Rsin θ must be a constant. R ∙ sin θ and the Planck constant is directly proportional logical. Because it is uniform circular motion, the absolute value of Momentum P unchanged, rPsin θ is a constant with the Planck constant and directly proportional. When the line momentum P very hour, rPsin θ on the Planck constant and considerable. Such reasoning process both for macro system and for the establishment of micro-systems. When the curvature radius r endless hours curvature Inevitable as infinite, it does not mean that prospective measurement uncertainty on the r sin θ; When the curvature sin θ is infinite hour radius of curvature is bound to infinite, it does not mean that sin θ test on the prospective uncertainty r.

Below is proof of the use of different forms. Therefore, as long as no doubt inversely proportional to the radius of curvature and curvature, they have no reason to suspect that the logic of this paper.

1.1.1 using the classic light deflection formula derived uncertainty relation (Uncertainty Relations)

Initial Einstein light deflection formula is based on Newton's gravitational theory derived, belongs to classical mechanics campaign formula areas:

Φ g = (1/c2) (GM/R2) cos θ ds = 2GM/c2r. (1)

But if speed is not generally speed c , And the formation of high-speed particles in the nude nuclear line speed changes can be negligible, and Constant was considered, (1) form into φ g = 2GM / 2 r. Because of Newton and Coulomb force are conservative forces, and very symmetrical, therefore, flew proton electron beam surface, the result of the Coulomb deflection angle of e and Newton led the deflection angle g equivalent to the ratio of both the intensity ratio: φ e / g = φ (K / G) Qq / Mm. will φ g = 2GM / 2 r proportion of the income generation, available φ e = Qq / 2 πε0 r 2 Taking into account the Q = Ze, q = e,

Φ e = Z e2 / 2 πε0 rm (2)

Will As constant, in accordance with Einstein integral approach for, and φ e = (1 / ) (E2/mR2) cos θ ds can be and (2) - similar

Φ e = e2 / r m Will p = m , Ћ = h / 2 π, = E2 / 2 ε0 hc into the (2) -, available

E = φ (2Z C / pr ) Ћ, r = 2Z C ћ / m Φ e. (3)

When φ e special hours a sin φ e = φ e relations. Will sin φ e = e into the φ (3) -, and the psin φ e = △ px, available

R △ px = (2Zac / ) Ћ. (4)

(3) - (4) and electronic-ray in the field are in the formula for calculating deflection.

If the electronic-rays from two parallel Bragg (Bragg) Flat constitute the single-slit, slit on both sides of the few effective nuclear charge all have an impact on the incidence of electronic. Therefore, when we only consider unilateral deflection, r the largest width not more than slit That △ r ≤ x, (4) form into

△ △ px x ≥ (2 Zac / ) Ћ. (5)

When ≤ 2 Z C, (5) form into

△ x △ px ≥ ћ. (6)

1.1.2 from electronic Coulomb force by the circumstances of the relationship derived uncertainty

An electronic "Uniform field" in the room by the force equivalent to e2 / r2,

F = e2 / r2, (7)

R - is in the electronic and slit the vertical distance between the wall. According to the basic laws of motion that F = ma, s = (1 / 2) at2. M for electronic or in the quality, s whereabouts of the freedom for the electronic distance. Located deep seam L, through its electronic spent time t = L / Seconds. In this way, we can be

S = e2L2 / m R2. (8)

If the electronic-ray deflection angle of φ, but very small, there is sin φ = s / L and

Sin φ = e2L / m R2, r = , R = . (9)

(9) - is that when an electronic ransacking of a length L "Uniform field" space, r, , Φ relationships among. If a bouquet of electronic-ray photon flew like a bouquet of solar surface as a passing-nuclear surface, considering electron beam in the L = 2r within the context of a deflection, there

R sin φ = 2 e2 / m . (10)

If electronics were neatly arranged through the nuclear component of a slit, then slit electronic wall with the interaction between distance does not exceed Width (R ≤ ). Therefore sin φ ≥ . The p = m , Psin φ = , We have

△ △ px x ≥ 2 e2 / . (11)

Consider the fine structure constant = E2 / 2 ε0 hc, when When available

△ △ px x ≥ h. (12)

(4) - (9) - and (10) - derived process show that: as long as the interference did not occur randomly, instantaneous r can be an instantaneous radius of curvature, △ px with a time interval of the curvature of the instantaneous integral Correspondingly, it does not mean that large enough momentum uncertainty; When we give a campaign of particulate its capacity △ x random space constraints, it will produce a size △ px momentum uncertainty, (6) - and (12) - is not always that uncertainty in relations.

2 uncertainty relation of nature and the scope of application of

Because (6) - and (12) - are from F = ke2 / r2, F = ma, s = (1 / 2) at2 and such classical laws of motion are, therefore, (6) - and (12) - can not negate the track movement, which can be to show the curvature radius of curvature with the plot equivalent to a constant. The above derivation process, (8) - and (9) - still not Eliminating "said curvature radius of curvature and inversely proportional to the" significance and should not be called "uncertainty" the name, even though they said that the "uncertainty", which are also given a particle beam a space limit or provide a random interference by the opportunity (for example: to create a pass-interference barriers or provide a unpredictability of the environment) caused. That is to say, uncertainty relation at least at the same time that "inversely proportional to the radius of curvature and the curvature" and "uncertainty" two significance. We can no longer arbitrarily considered that (6) - and (12) - the only significance of Heisenberg (the Heisenberg uncertainty relation significance of the same uncertainty relation significance of the non-determinism). As long as the use of r ≤ The relations will be (6) - and (12) of the Δ x-r, they can use (6) - and (12) - on a single source of accurate calculation when the particles pass through the slot deflection angle. Heisenberg significance of this function is the same-shaped relationship does not have.

Why neutral particles will be shot in a slit diffraction and in accordance with relations? One explanation is "a particle wave - particle duality." For two parallel Bragg (Bragg) consisting of single-slit plane, which the space is not completely empty space, but the space filled with electronic, neutral particles are certain barriers through such a narrow space will be randomly distributed state. So, whatever position from sin θ = (λ / Δ x) decisions of the neutral particle flow, as long as they have sufficient volatility, and the two particles optical path difference for the entire half a wavelength several times, it will happen to interfere, slit width Δ x is the same, when the incidence rate unchanged on the same wavelength λ Therefore, the sin θ = (λ / Δ x) the location decision is very Shreve rules, and will also be able diffraction pattern formation. Will sin θ = (λ / Δ x) into the Δ px = psin θ available Δ px = p (λ / Δ x), then p = (h / λ) on the income-generation, availability

Δ Δ x = px h. (13)

(13) - derived process that: Δ shaped like Δ px x = h factors determining the relationship between the particles is one of the wave - particle duality. This paper introduces uncertainty relation Derivation process did not strongly support the diffraction electronic graphics directly from the electronic point (because, in the absence of volatility, random interference by the microscopic particles can only be formed on the fuzzy boundaries of亮斑not formed a clear stripes). Thus, when the particles (either neutral or non-neutral, as long as the volatility of outstanding performance) in a certain obstacles through the slit, it will produce diffraction pattern, the survey results with uncertainty relations. The neutral particle diffraction experiment results can be shaped like a (13) - Heisenberg significance explained. (6) - (12) - and (13) can be used to discuss a wide range of particles through the slit at the statistical results.

If high-speed particles through the slit diffraction occurred when the reasons for the "grain-effect" - a "photoelectric effect" inverse process similar effect will be to "wave - particle duality" a tremendous scope of the impact. The need to do further experiments to test the effects of diffraction particle causes in the end that "this is because of interference with the uncertainty of nature" or "particle wave - particle duality" or "grain-optic effect," or a combination of the three. Three situations caused by diffraction can be described relations with uncertainty, uncertainty on the source of the formula can be used to describe one of the classic particle movement (like clouds Room charged particle tracks in the deflection angle can be used (9) - or (10) -). Apart from the details of the forthcoming introduction of the next natural, in the 3.1.2 section also make some additional.

(6) - and (12) of the track is the equation of motion of no ambiguity change forms. It did not measurements (or for the measurement of random interference) position and momentum can be identified with the values. (13) - meaning that non-determinism, once random interference, position and momentum at the same time can not be measured accurately, and that can not be tough: Even without measurement, micro-particles can not accurate at the same time with the location and momentum. Since the under-ray fluctuations, classical mechanics and movement of random interference by the statistical regularity can be shaped like △ △ x p ~ h expressions , then the uncertainty relations is not only ① wave - particle duality (or granulocyte-optic effect) is a reflection of the track movement ② the law is also reflected by random interference ③ uncertainty reflected. Logically, we can not rule out the existence of quantum mechanical system with "no measurements" and "random interference measurements" state counterparts (currently considered "no" mainly because they can not get this state. Chapter 4 is a function of this electronic structure model), therefore, in any circumstances are routinely admitted significance ③ is one-sided. We should "uncertainty principle of mutually exclusive with the classic" change in the old concepts as "uncertainty relations campaign laws compatible with the classic" new concept. ③ ② significance at the same time and uncertainty that exists between the track and can not become a campaign denied adequate reason. And prophecy: that where there are substantial interference with the measurement results of random subjects or targets of the volatility of the more prominent statistical measurement results will inevitably meet explained; Allow random interference cancellation in the measurement results can be ignored with localized Realism interpretation; Subjects highlighted the volatility of the object or the elimination of interference are not completely random but relatively weak results can be explained by statistical and localized Realism explanation.

3 uncertainty relation with the decision of significance to the discovery of quantum mechanics concept of measuring the impact

(6) - (12) - and (13) - (including several other conjugate relationship) should not be called the uncertainty relations, but also should not be called the uncertainty relations, but should be called the Heisenberg relations (Heisenberg Relation).

Get uncertainty relation significance of the decision process on the logic of the concept of orthodox quantum mechanics have some impact. Below some simply introduced with the intention of reference for everyone at the same time聊表uncertainty relation significance of this decision on the part of that significance.

3.1 pairs of some concepts of quantum mechanics

3.1.1 impact "in the atomic molecular electronics can be bound through the slit with the electronic correspondence" concept

People also for the promotion of this concept, "as long as the state is measured on the microscopic particles in a random interference by the state." However, even without the classic method used is derived (5) - and (11) -, comparison, the atomic elements of the electronic beam about which state, closer to the micro-scale electronic flew within the framework of a nuclear surface by the impact of the law in which the state, through a deviation from electronic slit random interference by the state. In the microscopic world that all particles are formed randomly role is too arbitrary interference by. Atomic, Molecular electronics in the environment although some intricate, but their movement is orderly (whether complex or simple atoms of hydrogen atoms, when the transition emission spectra, the track measured magnetic moment, and orbital angular momentum theory of the electronic distribution of atoms, as evidenced by the electronic Win moving is "orderly" (no sufficient reason to believe that hard-line "is the only regular statistics after the"), we are not sure of the hydrogen atom in the electronic random by the nuclear interference). As long as "orderly" alone "can be accurately predicted" possible, in an orderly manner is a clear reflection of the law. If it is "only in the statistics show before the law," it would not be "orderly." In short, we do not have sufficient reason to believe that atomic, molecular electronics in which the interference by certain "random disturbance" and not "interfere with the orderly manner." In the "uncertainty relation significance of the decision," This is found before the "uncertainty relation significance of the decision" after the situation is particularly found.

3.1.2 impact "uncertainty relation incompatible with the classical laws of motion, the world can not be used in micro-track concept" concept

Since (6) - and (12) - are track-mechanical movement of the special form of expression, show that: spatial coordinates and momentum of the plot proportional to Planck (Plank) constant is the causal relationship can be reflected. (6) - and (12) - are certain speed when the incident when the incident location r and the deflection angle between the causal relationship between the two is not always uncertainty range (Δ px and Δ x) the relationship between (that is not always the uncertainty of relations). When the incident particles by random interference, (6) - and (12) where φ r and the causal relationship between being unable to accurately forecast undermined, (6) - and (12) - have become two of the uncertainty of (Δ px and Δ x) the relationship between (that is, real uncertainty relation), could be used to calculate the statistical results (this point has been proved that the majority of textbooks). Therefore, shaped like a (12) - at least the relationship between theory and the non-decision decision on the double meaning of localized theory to explain it compatible with the statistical interpretation of a theory. Everyone knows that, we can not because of the impact point and shot after football path consistent with the law and denied that football statistics for the track to campaign. Like this situation, we can not due to the interference of random particles and the laws of statistics that they are not subject to random interference (or determine the interference), which defines the movement orbit. In quantum mechanics calculations, statistical laws and potential energy function (V = e2 / r) used to support the "classic point particle movement and the concept of the law is still in force" beliefs, needs "uncertainty relation compatible with the classical laws of motion" concept. At the micro world is the use of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation significance? Or use its decisions on the significance of this? Interference is entirely dependent on random or can be accurately forecast.

New corresponding concept is that if confirmed quantum particles in the Movement system have not been random interference, we can use the concept of classical orbits.

3.1.3 impact "not only direct measurement of indirect measurement" concept (that is affected "touch-measurement concept" or extreme empirical philosophy)

Measurement of holding such people even know that particulate and starting and ending points can not speculate particles from the starting point to the end of the path. In the first observation of high-energy Cloud Room -- Quantum decay process, the photon know the starting point and decay, is common sense the speed of light photon and the distance traversed a photon can speculate traversed routes. But orthodox quantum photon scholars do not recognize this in between the starting point and destination of all time position and momentum at the same time a prospective indirectly measured. More detailed explanation please refer to 3.2.1 Festival "Cloud Room charged particle tracks in the meaning."

"Measurement of touch" refers to direct touch (or detected) is the only measured, not directly touch (or detected) is not detected. It is the core of which is only recognized direct measurements refused to recognize indirect measurement results. This measurement is the concept of "micro-world of the track can not use the concept of the concept of" empirical philosophy to the extreme, but can not use the track concept and the concept comes from the Heisenberg test is not significant. = 1 \ * GB3 ① Heisenberg significance of the uncertainty relations, = 2 򟧫 \ * GB3 = 2 \ * GB3 ② can not use the track concept, = 3 \ * GB3 ③ touch measurement concept among developed a vicious circle: = 2 \ * GB3 ② rely on = 1 \ * GB3 ①, = 3 \ * GB3 ③ rely on the = 2 \ * GB3 ②, and = 1 \ * GB3 ① need = 2 \ * GB3 ② and = 3 \ * GB3 ③ to protect, support or even confirmed. Change a = 1 \ * GB3 ① on shaken = 2 \ * GB3 ② and = 3 \ * GB3 ③ based on the cornerstone.

The corresponding concept is new in the micro-world, we can also detect Quark same as for conventional logic and indirect measurement derives.

3.1.4 impact "all microscopic particles in the micro-scale test at the same time are not under the prospective position and momentum" concepts, experimental design and interpretation of experimental phenomena

The uncertainty relation significance of the decision of the premise, despite Δ px is a substantial number (curvature is not a small one value), but as long as it is a set number, and that the prospective momentum measured. Measuring the cyclotron-like particles in the momentum (or at the Earth's revolution momentum) of the same.

(8) the derivation of the process, we can see that despite △ x is the slit width, and under certain conditions can be expressed uncertainty of location, but also noted that a single measurement of a charged particle in passing bare nucleus (or charged parallel plate), the exact location of x but not △ particles from the center of power source distance r. (9) - and (10) of the establishment of that test prospective location of the incident charged particles at least two ways (a manufacturing △ x → 0 slit so be unpredictable interference, the other is a piece of it flew with the electric field of space). Easy to see that, certainly not the best way to △ x → 0, but to use (4) - or (10) of the causal relationship between the known The measured value and the deflection angle Φ calculate accurate r values (where r is indirectly measured). Will △ x → 0 as measured quasi-particle position the only way is not only wrong but it is impossible to [because, (9) - can be seen demand △ x → 0 is requested curvature radius to zero, saying that "only when the curvature is small when measured prospective position "is not absurd? From another point of view, when △ x → 0:00, slit disappeared, the incident particles instead of a certain particle size, when slit narrow to a certain extent, the incident particles will be seriously impeded or random interference]. Clearly, the △ x → 0 as a quasi-particles measuring location is the only way to measure its own set of obstacles. In addition, volume in quantum mechanics in that only when Δ px → 0 (that is, particles tend to follow a straight line) to be a quasi-particles measuring the momentum, but, in mathematical logic and practice are "bending in the path regardless of how powerful, as long as know the exact curvature, line speed and quality of that test on the prospective Momentum, "moving money and campaign measurement accuracy is not a straight line path tends to the extent of correlation. So, that Δ px → 0 (that is, objects tend to walk a straight line tested) to be a quasi-particles measuring the momentum, the momentum measurement accuracy of misunderstanding.

3.1.5 impact "on the apparatus must not neglect the impact of the object equated with unpredictable effects of the" concept

This impact is on the subjective concept of intervention. "Quantum mechanical equipment and measurement results is the result of interaction between the measured object, it is impossible to disentangle the results will be shared" is a pessimistic attitude "subjective involvement," the concept of technical reasons. "Subjective involvement," is the core content of the concept of "micro-concept no longer has the objectivity, microscopic quantum world would not independent of the main outside." Under normal circumstances, even the knowledge of the very few people know that "can not be ignored" and "can not be accurately predicted," are two different concepts, but in quantum mechanics, many senior academics do not consciously think "the object of the apparatus can not be ignored" all belong to the "apparatus of the object the impact can not be accurately forecast "areas. In classical mechanics practice, indirect measurement method is commonly used effective way. However, in quantum mechanics measurement, in the absence of the concept of the track, often "touched or碰着" was considered "a measured," indirect measurement methods is almost impossible to use. Even worse would be the Heisenberg uncertainty relations and the significance of the empirical philosophy March combine to follow this line of thinking sliding farther - proposed a "subjective involvement," philosophy. Some people even resulting "in the unmanned moon did not see it there" absurd conclusions.

Will uncertainty in the decision of non-significance as the only available under the premise that will be in the measurement of quantum mechanics can not be measured in the tested object's unique pure Ontology of the nature of quantum measurement results depend on instrument - customer interactions: Quantum substantial measurement shows the object and observation equipment for the mutual by the nature of quantum impressive when measured only in order to have numerical observation [2]. Since the uncertainty relations can not strongly denied that track movement, we can not deny that the object of the instruments under a single causal relationship to accurately predict the experimental application of the micro-world. In other words, in microcosm, it may be possible to simultaneously test the quasi-particle momentum and position (in theory impaired隘eliminate, the technology is the key to the establishment of practical elementary particle model). As long as we are no longer subject to "no track concept" ideological shackles, subjective concept of intervention measure for the survival of the loss of soil. In short, uncertainty relation significance of the decision that has shaken the "subjective involvement," the theoretical basis of measurement.

3.1.6 impact "test are not permitted any eventuality are not permitted" concept

This concept is the uncertainty relation to expanding the scope of application (not extended to the measurement of any time) caused by the move reluctantly. As long as the Heisenberg significance (meaning non-determinism) uncertainty relation limit the scope of application of a random interference in the measurement within the scope of that decision only on the significance of uncertainty relations began to apply to all non-random interference measurement, and do not think that is not necessarily measured at random interference, and this concept will not attack Since the break.

3.1.7 of the volatility of microscopic particles of widely available and ductility of particles available for domain of the impact of the conflict between

Uncertainty relations significance of the decision to resolve this contradiction can only provide some inspiration and clues (for example, in orbit can use the concept of enlightenment, can be assumed that elementary particle by the wave-extensive spread along a closed path, atoms, molecules in the electronic components that track the movement of its wave the spread path, so that microscopic particles - extensive with the localized nature are unified. See Chapter 4), but not without further explore the premise completely resolving this contradiction.

3.2 pairs of several experimental and objective interpretation of the status quo

Since it has been freed themselves from "not track", the ideological shackles of the state and have some objective experiment with the phenomenon of the past can have different interpretations.

3.2.1 Cloud Room of the charged particle track significance

No discussion of the electromagnetic field in a cloud chamber of the electronic track. A cloud chamber track orthodoxy significance: Cloud Room in the electronic track is the size of electronic uncertainty of the location of the Δ Δ x = px h relations, we can see the result of Δ x great而使Δ px small (that is recognized in the current measurement accuracy within the electronic walk in a straight line, its momentum has been measured by prospective). Since electronic walk in a straight line, then the electronic than the 100,000 times the size of the track so thick clouds of space can be no scope are忒small electronic possible places (if they consider that a "yes" on the electronic walk in a straight line is impossible. Electronic considered and the size of the corresponding de Broglie wavelength rather, with the X-ray wavelength considerable, as ¹⁰ -10 meters in order of magnitude).

① uncertainty relation significance of the decision of the discovery, the concept can be used in orbit body of Quantum. ② measured from the speed of electronic, electronic track and the length of this length by the time spent in the electronics can be seen in the Cloud Room follows is a straight line, certainly in the electronic done linear motion, you certainly of the electronic state of the Linear Motion little disturbed, it is impossible in the clouds and track electronic equivalent size passage of the curve for irregular movement. ③ In fact, because of the cloud of water molecules in the room is sparse (and the size of electronic comparison), but is neutral, the incidence of electronic considerable momentum, which is the electronic "Yanguoliuqing", "stay for a smoke" approach adopted by the thin molecular clouds in the room can affect Mandrax slightly do not count. ④ clouds track for the formation of the electric field of charged particles from the water (perhaps alcohol) to reduce the saturation vapor pressure, so that the location of the electronic passing around a saturated steam rally into small droplets. Droplet first point where the electronic form, and then by the rapid expansion of this point, a considerable portion of clouds in the electronic space has been left where the formation of (visible parts are), the thickness of clouds is the electric field of electronic impact beyond the scope and subsequently expanded the scope of the show and , and the center could not reach electronic scope (in the electronic walk away after the formation of clouds space is not likely to reach the electronic space), the more space is not electronic dispersion of the electronic cloud track only in the center of the cross section flew (and no wind when the jet just flue flew at the center of the cross section is very similar). The above four reasons for mutual support that the central cloud track the most qualified as an electronic movement of the true line, as long as it can find the electronic track clouds at the center, we can test that prospective electronic position.

With the electric field on the particle droplet formation to the degree of influence is inversely proportional to the square of the distance is declining. From this we should not be said often charged particle clouds track reached the brink. Positron in the clouds in the room is not very easy with the cloud chamber in the space of molecular electronic occurred annihilation. This shows that the charged particles in the cloud chamber movement is not random (it's easy if random collisions with molecules annihilation swaps).

Uncertainty relations in the decision of significance was found, we no longer need to explain some of the far-fetched to meet the Heisenberg uncertainty relation meaningless. It is not difficult to find, if not all of the clouds of space as a charged particle uncertainty of the location, track-room reflected by the fact that out of keeping with the significance of the non-determinism uncertainty relations, as long as the uncertainty of the non-decision meaning of "subversion not broken," "universal" myth Fort opened the gap, non-determinism meaningful uncertainty on the relationship between quantum theory can not be used as "a common basic law." As long as we adhere to the principles of impartiality and the use of weapons of logic, it is not difficult to tell whether an explanation is in order to maintain some sort of self-consistent theory and distortion of the facts.

3.2.2 on a布罗Italy affected the physical interpretation of experimental diffraction particle effects

Theoretical analysis shows that strict, de Broglie wave (de Broglie Wave) for the phase velocity = E / p = c2 / > C, and the theory of relativity does not allow any greater than the speed of light in kind. Therefore, the de Broglie wave is not monochrome observation [3], can not be bypassed in the speed of light under the premise of de Broglie wave is only a kind of virtual wave or紊disturbing fluctuations. Can Limit is the observation of de Broglie wave packet. Between the two wave packets are not necessarily clear interference in the interference pattern. Therefore, the electron diffraction patterns clearly is not consistent with the wavelength = H / Monochrome de Broglie wave formation. Theoretically it is impossible to explain in another experiment that is possible, obviously full of contradictions. Uncertainty relations in the decision of significance found, the physical particles diffraction experiment, we will have more reason not to choose "de Broglie wave diffraction occurred" explanation. For the essence of de Broglie wave will be discussed in detail in other articles.

3 .2.3 to explain the causes of Quantum Decadence

Quantum mechanics Copenhagen (Copenhagen) explained that, momentum and coordinates uncertainty caused Quantum Decadence relations is an important reason why. However, the group's recent cooling Germany Rampe atomic Bragg scattering experiments show that uncertainty relations is not the sole cause of Quantum Decadence, and measuring apparatus and tested system, through interaction, the formation of Quantum Entangled State is the core of the problem. In their experiment, the atomic center of mass momentum disturbance, can be reduced to the extent to ignore the only state with atoms within the space labeled atomic path, the interference fringes Atomic it disappeared. Rampe 小组的冷却原子布拉格散射实验从一个侧面表明，测不准关系可能是“粒光效应”的体现，而不是由“主观介入”引起的。 Rampe 小组的冷却原子Bragg 散射实验进一步说明 Copenhagen 量子力学解释的局限性，Mach 的实证哲学与测不准关系的非决定论意义相结合是导致量子力学理论必须引入“主观介入”的主要原因，也是量子力学解释产生的原因。测不准关系的决定论意义的发现无疑支持Rampe小组的实验结论。

     3.2.4 对几率诠释的影响

    几率诠释的产生原因是“测不准关系仅有非决定论意义与对电子的内部结构缺乏认识的组合，形成了‘核外电子没有确定的运动轨道，只有统计意义’的观念”。现在既然发现了测不准关系的决定论意义，量子体系中没有轨道概念的观念也被动摇了，我们就有更多的理由恢复的原有意义——正比于能量密度（或单位体积内的电场强度），而不再用它表示几率密度。第4章建立的模型

     3.2.5 对贝尔不等式及其验证实验的解释的影响

    在贝尔不等式 (Bell’s inequality) 的推导中，有一个隐藏在概率论后面的假设——概率遵循迭加原理。可是这一假设与量子力学的形式体系相矛盾从而与实验实事相矛盾。贝尔不等式被实验否定只不过再次证实了这种矛盾，与定域实在论完全无关(即不能否认定域实在论) [2]。所以，阿斯贝(Alaine Aspect) 1982 年在巴黎大学所做的实验并不能严格地证实微观粒子的模糊世界只是在观察时才变成具体的实在，在没有观察时微观粒子只是一个幽灵。再说在验证贝尔不等式的 16 个实验中有2个是肯定的，占总数的 12.5%。在验证实验中并不符合“少数服从多数”的数量规则，一个正确的实验可以否定一大堆不正确的实验。谁能肯定那个 12.5% 的概率只是意外而那87.5%的结果不能用其他的理论解释呢？我们为什么要轻易地放弃严谨的作风，轻率地依附 Copenhagen 学派，从而极力否定域实在论的有益尝试呢？

    这类实验的受试对象是光子，光子有着特殊的对称性，不能作为微观粒子的全权代表。

     3.3 对测量理论的影响

    现有的量子力学测量理论以“实验客体受到实验仪器的不可忽视和不可准确预测的干扰”为基本前提。其理论根据之一就是非决定论意义的“测不准关系”或“不确定度关系”。在发现了测不准关系具有决定论和非决定论的双重意义之后，现有的量子力学测量理论有必要作些修正。下面用一个图形来表示测量理论的主要内容。

    在测不准关系的决定论意义被发现之后，就少了一种“主观介入”的实验理论。以上每种类型又可分为间接测量和直接测量两大类。在实际测量中，可将不同类型的测量方式混合使用。但是在量子力学中，受“主观介入”观念的影响，人们很少承认间接测量结果。

     4 基本假设、预言和验证实验设计

     4.1 本文的唯一基本假设——光元子沿闭合路径传播构成定域粒子

    克服广延性与定域性之间的矛盾的最好方式之一是假定波沿一个闭合路径传播。以前也曾有人提出过质子电子尺寸的闭弦模型，但因缺乏相应的理论机制而被放弃。现在周海麟提出的周氏力[4]可望成为质子电子尺寸的闭弦稳定存在的理论依据。测不准关系的决定认意义的发现又给了我们一些启示。假设一个圆偏振光量子由k个更小的光元子组成，同种光元子之间就存在周氏相互吸引力。将非线性周氏力的线性近似取为F=—e2/4πε0 R2，就有

    e2/4πε0(2r)2=(m/k ) (c2/r) . (14)

    （14）式中 m 为电子的质量，且 2mc2 =hν, 2πr= =c/ν. 故 k=4 ε0 hc/ e2=2/a≈274，即一个自由电子由 274 个光元子连接着并沿闭合路径传播组成。由惠更斯原理（Huygens作图法）可知，那 274 个光元子可优先成为次级子波源。 当自由电子受外场干扰之后，其中的 274 个光元子中的每一个都可复制出波长与母波相同的 n2 （n=1，2，3…）个次级子波（Huygens 原理的这种表现可以通过求解波动议程得到，所以它不能算是基本前提）。一个基态氢原子的结构是:氢核处于由 274 节次级子波围成的一个圆的圆心之上，基态电子闭弦半径（记为 rb）为 rb =274 /2π. 是能量恰恰为阀频的 r-量子的波长，数值为 1.2131548×10－12米。自由电子半径为:1.2131548×10－12÷2π=1.9×10－13米。所以 rb =0.529×10－10米，与玻尔半径数值吻合。这也阐明了氢原子中电子的德布罗意波是由 274 节次级子波组成的一拍（若令274 = b ， b 就是德布罗意波的波长，德布罗意波是虚拟波）。

    上述基本假设可完全取代玻尔（Bohr）氢原子理论是显而易见的。 它的另几个好处是:1)可替代现有量子力子中五个必要的基本假设；2)可成功地解释光子-电子相互转变的实事，改变了量子力学与基本粒子内部结构完全无关的局面； 3)触及精细结构常数、电子自旋和德布罗意波的本质。即使周氏力的依据不足，能用一个假设代替一组（至少五个）基本假设也是值得重视的。

    本文的基本前提是“光元子假设”。可以根据测不准关系的决定论意义重新设计一些实验用于验证正统量子力学思想和本文的观点。解决光元子假设与现有的“标模型理论”之间的冲突不是本文的任务。本文只是展示光元子模型在量子力学中的成功应用。

     4.2 根据基本假设所作的预言及其验证实验设计

    根据本文提出的电子结构模型可以推知:圆偏振光的电磁场矢径的旋转方向决定它表现出两种不同的极性；基本的圆偏振光光线会在强磁场（或电场）中偏转；基本的圆偏振光会像静电场一样使导体产生感应电荷；单一极性的高能圆偏振光可以产生单个的电子、质子（或正电子、反质子）；电子对撞有可能撞出极性相同的圆偏振光；高能圆偏振光在云室、气泡室或火花室中可能产生径迹。可以设计出验证这些预言的实验方案。

     4.2.1 光电场感应验证实验

     将一块导体片的两端用一块灵敏度很高的电流表连接起来,再让导体片沿一定的方向在圆偏振光的电场空间中移动, 观察是否有感应电流产生，并检验圆偏振光是否有两种极性。

     4.2.2 圆偏振光线在磁场中偏转和圆偏振光子在云室中的径迹的验证实验

     让高能圆偏振光通过带有磁场（或电场）的云室、气泡室或火花室，观察径迹及其偏转情况。

     4.2.3 圆偏振光的衰变实验

     让能量超过阀频的圆偏振光子掠过重核，搜索它转变成的电子或正电子。

     4.2.4 非正常电子湮没实验

     利用对撞机证电子-电子（或正电子-正电子）对撞，能量分为＜1800m0c2和＞1800m0c2两个区域（m0为电子的静止质量）。观察是否有圆偏振光产生。

     4.3 检验“粒光效应”的实验

    微观粒子的衍射除了由波动性引起之外，还可以由“粒光效应”引起。所谓“粒光效应”就是指高速粒子在穿过一定的障碍时，导致光子产生的现象（与光电效应的过程相反）。它包括“韧致辐射”、“诱导辐射”和“光平衡移动”等。在做粒子衍射实验时，狭缝和靶（感光底板）都处于黑暗的体系之中，狭缝也是一个黑体辐射源，只是当没有外界干扰时，其辐射强度很低。当粒子高速穿过狭缝时，就会诱导出更强的电磁辐射。这就是“诱导辐射”。实物粒子撞击原子、分子中的电子而产生光子的机理有可能是入射粒子把原子、分子中的低轨道电子撞离原来的位置，该电子跃迁回原来的位置就发出电磁波。 “光饱和原理”也是“粒光效应”的产生原因之一，它的意思是:每个近似的封闭体系都是近似饱和的蓄光体，只要饱和蓄光体受到了外来干扰（原平衡受到了破坏）就会发射出与干扰源的动量相当的光子。部分非封闭状态的物体也具有饱和蓄光体的性质。只要我们将组成缝的物体看作饱和蓄光体， ＝ h/ 成立，（15）式和（17）式也近似成立。要用更精确的实验证实一次具体的实物粒子衍射是符合哪一个公式。

    对于“X射线的产生”（目前认为是“韧致辐射”）这种情况。所产生的电磁波的波长有如下所述的规律。 X 光机的应用实践证明高速电子打在一个斜面上可产生X射线。所产生的 X 射的最小波长为:

     ＝hc/Ek＝h/Δmc. (15)

    中高速电子不可能撞到斜面上的原子核上，打在斜面上的电子是与斜面上的电子相撞。高速电子打在晶体上会以相同的机理产生X 射线。 戴维孙和革末 (Davisson and Germer) 利用电子束穿过镍单晶形成的衍射图样，只有在严格地排除了“是由电子撞击形成的X 射线等原因造成的”（即严格排除了 “粒光效应”）之后才能认为它证实了德布罗意波.因为 (15) 式与 =h / 在一定条件下 (如电子速度很高) 很接近，电子打在晶体表面上首先是与电子碰撞。

    任何晶体中的原子核都是处于电子云雾之中，电子束流穿过两 Bragg 平面之间的缝都必须与缝中的电子相撞。入射电子就最有可能撞出动量相当的光子来（原因是发生韧致辐射或被撞离基态的电子跃迁或其他），撞出的光子再发生衍射便形成了衍射图样。所遵守的动量守恒方式之一如下:

     ― = /c. (16)

    考虑到 c = ，(16)式变为:

     , (17)

     式中是入射电子速度， 是出射电子速度， 是撞出的光子的动量， .上面的衍射实验能严格、精确检验Davisson and Germer实验是电子的衍射还是光子的衍射，衍射是严格符合 (15) 式还是 (17) 式还是 ＝h/ 。

    一个光子穿过双缝，先是根据惠更斯 (Huygens) 原理产生多个次级光子，之后才是次级光子之间相互干涉。这种解释是符合逻辑的，每一步都有清晰的物理图象，不需要认为光子在穿过狭缝时变成了不合逻辑的幽灵。人们已经发现，即使让电子一个接一个地（序贯地）穿过狭缝也能得到衍射图样（将电子的次级散射效应降低到可以忽略）。若认为此时的电子是完完全全的波，则它在到达缝时也会根据 Huygens 原理使每个电子都变成多个次级电子（亚电子），然后是亚电子之间产生干涉。电子序贯地穿过双缝形成的衍射图样的客观性决定了推论中的亚电子必须是客观的。可是，高能物理实验却没有发现电子可以分为更小的更基本的粒子，即高能物理实验事实不允许亚电子存在。这样我们不得不认为亚电子是幽灵或者电子在穿越缝的过程中是幽灵。如果认定自然界没有幽灵，那么“电子衍射是由于电子表现出了波动性”的现有解释就是不成功的。换言之，我们不能说电子衍射实验严格地证实了电子在穿缝过程中表现出了波动性。

    由于过去在做的实物粒子衍射实验时没有认真地考虑“粒光效应”，因此有必要重做1927年汤姆逊（G. P. Thomson）做过的带电粒子序贯地穿过狭缝的实验，重点检测让它们逐一打在感光靶上所表现出来的特性[靶可以是闪烁计数器、切伦科夫（Cerenkov）计数器和核乳胶]，如果每个粒子打在靶上分别体现出的都是“点”的性质，则该粒子在穿过缝时就并不是像惠更斯原理所描述的那样形成了次级子波，且发生了子波之间的干涉，实物粒子的衍射图就不是波-粒二象性造成的。 进一步地，在电子衍射实验的缝与靶之间增加一个横向的电场（或磁场），促使电子束流偏转，如果电子束偏转了而衍射环没有位移（仅发生衍射图变形或变模糊），就充分肯定了衍射完全是由光波造成的而不是粒的波动性造成的。而最有可能是由“粒光效应”造成的。

    对于质子、原子、分子和较重的离子等实物粒子的衍射，如其说是波动性的体现，还不如说是粒光效应的体现。对于粒光效应，我们只能选择它的种类而不能完全否认它的存在。我们有什么充足的理由否认实物粒子在穿过狭缝时会产生可观的粒光效应呢？

     4.4 电子掠过裸核表面的实验

    用激光将一个（或一对）质子固定起来，让电子掠过质子的表面（或穿过两质子之间的空间），测量电子射线的偏转角，用以检验（5）式和（11）式，并作为同时准确测量粒子的动量和位置的范例.

     5 仅以一条假设为前提建立量子力学体系[5]

    这就是利用基本粒子结构模型美化量子力学的尝试。如果的确能完成本章题名所述的工作，那么，本文中的处理方式对于美化量子力学和量子力学的教学工作就是很有意义的。谁也不肯定现在所下的科学结论（特别是对物质结模型的认定）都是最后的定论。我们最好不要轻易地否定任何一种很有用假设。

    上节的基本假设说的是电子是由圆偏振光量子围成的。在势场中波的能量改变，但波的形式不变。故自由电子中的波和势场中的电子都可用下式描述。

     ψ=a (18)

    对(18)式作适当的偏微分,可得

     =(i2π/λ)ψ, (19)

       =—（2π/λ）2ψ, (20)

     = —i(2πv)ψ, (21)

     =—(2πv)2ψ. (22)

    既然核外电子是一种首尾相接的波（Huygens 原理对它起作用的基本的圆偏振光波），就可认为电子的电荷均匀地分布在半径为rb 的相轨线上。这样，氢原子基态的势能函数为

    Ep =－e2/4πε0 =－e2/2ε0λb. (23)

    在平衡系统中, 维里定理 (Virial theorem) 成立,并考虑到 =e2 /2 ε0 hc 我们有

    Ek=－Ep /2=h α c/2 λb = (⮐/2m) (2π/λb )2. (24)

    将（24）式代入（20）式，得

    －(⮐/2m) =Ekψ . (25)

    考虑到 Ek =E－V，（25）式变为

    [－(⮐/2m) +V ]ψ=Eψ . (26)

    比较c= ν、（24）、（21）、（25）四式，可得

    －(⮐/2m) =－i ћ . (27)

    26)式和（27）式都是薛定谔（Schr&oumldinger）方程。 －（⮐/2m） 和 i ћ 都是哈密顿（Hamilton）算符:Ĥ =－(⮐/2m) =iћ 经典的动量-能量关系为 p2= 2mEk=(m ) 2 .将它代入 (24) 式，可得 2mEk =(h/ ) 2=p2和p=h/ . p=h/ 是已命名的德布罗意关系。这就证实了德布罗意波是虚拟波（虚拟其波长为n2×274倍的真实波的波长），德布罗意关系不再是一个独立的假设而是根据本文前提严格导出的关系。将德布罗意关系代入 (19) 式

     . (28)

    将 Ek =p2/2m 代入 (25) 式, 可得

    －⮐ =p2ψ, . (29)

    (28)式和(29)式分别给出了动量算符和动量平方算符。

    用替换 , 选择（24）式中的 Ek =h c/2 的形式代入（19）式，可得

     －iћ c =Ekψ . (30)

    将 Ek=E－V 代入（30）式，可得

     c +Vψ=Eψ. (31)

    (31) 式就是势场中的狄拉克（Dirac）方程。将 =± 代入 (21) 式, 可得

    iћ = ± ψ.（32）

    (30)－(32), 可得

    c + ( )ψ =iћ . (33)

    由于相对论动能与总能量之差为 mc2, 因此,只要我们将E 中的质量取为 ±m, (33) 式就可变为

     +βmc2ψ= iћ . (34)

    式中β=±1. (34)式就是自由粒子的狄拉克方程.如果宇宙中存在对称的正能量世界和负能量世界,那么,在正能量世界中负能量和负质量没有意义, (32)、（33）两式分别只能是

    iћ = ψ. (35)

    和 +mc2ψ= . (36)

    将 =± (或 = ) 代入 (22) 式,

    －⮐ =(m2 c 4+p2 c2 )ψ. (37)

    (37)÷c2－ (29), 可得

     －(⮐/c2) +⮐ =m2 c2ψ . (38)

    (38)式就是克莱因-哥登 (Klein-Gordon) 方程。当m=0时，（38）式变为

    [－(1/c2 ) + ]ψ=0. (39)

    （14）式、（23）式和（24）式是使用了轨道概念的表现，（18）式是使用了波函数的表现。德布罗意关系、薛定谔方程、狄拉克方程及量子力学逻辑体系是同时使用轨道概念和波函数的产物。在同时使用轨道概念和波函数的前提下，对于非多粒子随机运动的情况，几率密度正好等于场能密度。只有在核外电子定域的情况下几率诠释才在观念上不正确，但对能量的计算结果仍然是正确的。可见，几率诠释仅在描述无随机干扰的体系的结构方面不准确，但在能量统计方面是可用的。本文不否认统计解释。

     6 同时使用轨道概念和波函数的量子力学计算实例[6]

    根据第4章默认的电子结构模型可知，1个（或数个）未受随机干扰的核外电子的相轨线是定域的。由此，我们也知道一些小分子的结构。例如氢分子离子的结构是一个相轨线环的两侧各有一个氢核（见图1）。它也是一个力学平衡系统，力学平衡状态方程为

    (e2/L2) cosθ=e2/Re2 . (40)

     这个方程的解是θ=50°57’10. H2+ 的总势能函数为V=－2(e2/L2)+e2/Re=－1.2603(e2/L). 以类氢离子计算,相应的能量为E= －19.797eV. H2+ 中电子的势能函数为Ve=－2e2/Re=－2sinθ(e2/r)=－1.553(e2/r).同样以类氢离子计算,得相应的能量 Ee=－32. 826eV. E与Ee 之差为核间相互作用能:2e2/Re =E－Ee, Re=2.0899a0≈1.10×10－10米。 H2+ 的离解能为De = 19.799eV－13.606eV ≈ 6.2eV. 对应的实验值为 Re=1.06×10－10 米和 De=2.79eV. 如果考虑到电子和核的自旋相互作用，误差可望消除.

    氢分子（H2）的力学结构与 H2+ 的很相似，不过两核之间的相轨线是双电子闭弦。 体系的力学平衡状态方程的解为θ=π/3. 体系的总势能函数为V=－(4e2/L)+(e2/Re)=－1.5(e2/L)－1.5(e2/L) . 以两个类氦离子计算，相应的总能量为 E =－1.52(e2/2a0)×2=－61.227eV. H2 中纯电子的势能为Ve=－(4 e2/L)=－(2sinθ)(2e2 /r) =－1.732(e2/r)－1.732(e2/r). 以类氦离子计算,相应的电子能量为Ee =－2×1.7322 (e2/2a0)=－81.636eV . 同理我们有: e2/Re=E－Ee, Re=1.333a0≈0.71×10－10米。 既然 H2 基态中的双电子与 He 原子基态中的双电子的环境相同（n =1, Z =2）,那么，H2 中电子之间的相互作用能也应为 29.829eV. 所以 H2 的离解能为 De=61.227eV－29. 829eV－13.606eV×2≈4.2eV. 相应的实验值为: De=4.75eV, Re=0.74×10－10米。

    He2+ 的结构与H2+ 非常相似。当基态氦原子发生电离时，逃离的电子所感受到的核电荷数（有效核电荷数）可以根据电离能计算出来（假设内层电子未重排）。对于第一级电离而言，计算公式为I=Z*2(e2/2a0)。将I=24.587eV代入其中，可得 Z* =1.3443.将He2+ 当作有效核电荷数为1.3443的点电荷。 我们可以得到力学平衡状态方程的解为θ=45.9527°. 体系的总势能为V =－(2×1.3443)e2/L + (1.34432)e2/Re=－1.3889(e2/L ). 以类氢离子计算，相应的总能量为E=－1.38892e2/2a0=－26.249eV. He2+ 中成键电子的势能为Ve=－(2×1.3443)e2/L=－(2×1. 3443sinθ)(e2/r)=－1.9325(e2/r), 以类氢离子计算,相应的成键电子能量为Ee=－1.93252e2/2a0=－50.812eV. 两个He2+离子之间的相互作用能为(1.344432) e2/Re =50.812eV－26.249eV =24.563eV, Re=2.00192a0 =1.06×10－10米。 He2+ 的离解能为De=－E－I1 =26.249eV－24.587eV=1.662eV. 相应的实验观测值为:Re=1.08×10－10米，De=3eV。

    Li2 的结构与H2 相似，不过两成键电子处于n =2 的能级之上。锂元素第一电离能为 5.392eV。所以，锂原子中 2S 电子感受到的有效核电荷数为 1.259 (即5.392eV=Z*2/22, Z*=1.259)。 将 Li+ 原子实当作有效核电荷数为1.259的点电荷，力学平衡状态方程的解为θ=57.3229°. Li2 的总势能为V=－(4×1.2592e2/L)+(1.2592e2/Re) =－3.56812(e2/L). 以类氦离子计算，相应的总能量为E =－21.653eV.成键电子的势能为Ve=－4×1.259(e2/L)=－(4×1. 259sinθ)e2/r =－4.2391(e2/r).以类氦离子计算相应的能量为Ee=－(2.11952/22)(e2/a0) =－30.562eV.两Li+之间的相互作用能为(1.2592e2/Re)=E－Ee , Re=4.842a0≈2.56×10－10米。对应的实验观测值为Re=2.67×10－10米。

    本文在减少前提、建立波动方程（即量子力学体系）、四个分子的量子力学计算、德布罗意关系的导出、对轨道磁矩、轨道角动量和光子电子相互转化的解释多方面取得了令人满意的结果。如果是不正确的理论，得到这种结果的概率将是非常低的，本文的处理方法的成功不可能只是一种巧合。 “标准模型理论”仍然将电子当作基本粒子，而本文中的电子模型是下一个层次的结构模型，所以，“标准模型”理论不能否认光元子假设。更不能否认这一假设在量子力学中的成功应用。

     7 同时使用轨道概念和波函数的优点小结

    归纳起来，本文介绍的处理方式具有如下优点:

     7.1 将定域实在论的因果描述和统计描述统一于对同一客体的描述之中

    认为核外电子是德布罗意波，而波一般具有统计性质，因此可利用与波函数对应的统计规律描述核外电子。波的相轨线在任何情况下都可以看作是构成波的能量实体的运动轨迹，因此在描述核外电子时又可以采用定域实在论的思想方法。对于单电子平衡体系而言，用统计方法可以得到场能的密度分布和其它物理量的本征函数和本征值，用定域实在论的描述方式可得到体系的力学平衡结构和自旋（或轨道）运动角动量等。任何体系只要出现了随机过程就可以采用统计描述；矩阵力学与波力学相容的潜在本质是统计解释与决定论解释相容。

     7.2 增强了量子力学体系的逻辑性

    只要读者注意到第4节和第5节，就能发现不必使用五个基本假设就可导出量子力学的一整套基本方程，在导出相对论性量子力学基本方程时也不必增加一些直觉原则。减少了前提而又增强了逻辑性就是美化了量子力学。

     7.3 扫除了量子力学与相对论相结合的部分逻辑障碍

    联合国教科文组织在《1998年世界科学报告》中指出:“爱因斯坦的理论（相对论）和量子力学是二十世纪的两大学术成就，遗憾的是，这两个理论迄今为止被证明是对立的。这是一个严重的障碍。”

    Heisenberg 关系也可表为 △p△t～h/c由于c是常数（光速），而相对论不允许有超光速的运动，因此由 △p△t～h/c可看出，测准动量必须花无限长的时间。也就是说，在Heisenberg 关系的非决定论意义的限制下，在相对论性理论中，对动量进行任意精确而快速的测量在原则上是不可能的。如果具有负几率的波函数相当于存在反粒子，那么在测量高速电子坐标的过程中就不可避免地要产生电子-正电子对。这类新粒子不能通过过程本身来进行探测，这就使得对高速电子进行测量变得毫无意义。朗道得出了下述结论:非相对论性量子力学的全部表述中，波函数ψ(q) 不能以不可观测的信息的运载者的原来意义出现。

    （12）式直观反映的 △p△x～h 的决定论意义表明，测准动量p（或△p），只需在已知入射速度（或动量）的情况下测准偏转角 φ 就行了。这样，△p不必趋于零, △t就不必趋于无穷大。第一个矛盾就这样解决了。在导出狄拉克方程的过程中，本文倾向于认为负能量和负质量是负能量世界中的物理量，负几率也就不与反粒子对应。在正能量世界中能量、质量和几率只能取正值，故第二个矛盾也不会出现。即使实测时产生了反粒子也就不表示理论上有障碍。

     7.4 将电子的波-粒二象性阐释得更加清楚

    在本文之前，一般认为波和粒子是一对矛盾的实体，人们只承认微观粒子具有波-粒二象性的实测结果而不能给出决定波-粒二象性的具体而清晰的物理图象（结构）。本文认为核外电子是闭合路径传播的波，这是决定可以同时使用轨道概念和波函数的关键，也就是能阐明波-粒二象性的具体模型。首先肯定微粒是波，然后用波沿一个较小的闭合路径传播来说明波的能量可局限于较小的空间之内（即构成了定域实体）。波沿闭合路径传播的确是统一波的延展性和粒子的定域性的巧妙方式。有什么理由说大自然不选择这种巧妙的方式呢？波动性和粒子性统一于一个微粒之上是客观事实，在没有找到其它解释方式之前为什么不接受“波沿闭合路径传播”这种解释呢？在这种解释表现出了许多优点之后仍然不接受它，很有可能是脑中的陈旧观念在作怪。

     7.5 能弥补正统量子力学不能从动力学上解释原子、分子的稳定性的不足

    如果真像几率诠释所认可的那样，H2+ 中的那个电子可在两氢核附近各处出现，那么，在大部分时间内点电子都处于使两氢核偏离实测平衡位置的状态。 也就是说，从动力学上考虑，在大部分时间里H2+ 都有偏离核间距为1.06×10－10 米的趋势.可见,如果电子是点粒子而在核外空间中随机地出现，那么，从动力学上看，H2+ 在大部分时间内就是不稳定的。 H2+ 稳定只是热力学上的统计平均结果。如果像本文所述的那样电子波在两个氢核之间沿一个圆周传播，则H2+ 体系既可以达到力学平衡又可以达到能量密度在两个氢核之间最大的状态（对应于几率诠释的“几率密度”在两氢核之间最大的状态）。对于单个的氢原子而言，其轨道磁矩和轨道角动量不应是统计平均（轨道磁矩和轨道角动量有确定值表明了核外电子动的非随机性）。

     7.6 使量子力学更协调地包含经典力学

    尽管现有的正统量子力学在取势能函数等少数几处采用了经典力学的处理方式，但在观念上,现有的正统量子力学是完全排斥经典力学的（因为经典力学属于定域实在论的范畴而正统量子力学是非决定论的统计力学）。在本文前提下，只要认为电子的电荷和质量均匀分布在闭合的相轨线上，经典力学方法就是完全适用的（但同时又可采用波函数的统计描述）。本文的思想观念恰好可以说明在量子力学中为什么可以用V∝e2/r的经典形式建立势能函数。可见，本文使量子力学中的观念和方法更加协调。

     7.7 实现了定域实在论与统计决定论的完美统一

     现有的量子论对运动中的电子等基本粒子，只能在定域实在论描述和统计描述二者之中选择一种，而不能同时用这两种描述方式描述同一运动粒子。本文论证了决定论意义和非决定论意义，可统一于同一事物（测不准关系）之中，也就肯定了可将定域实在论描述和统计描述同时作用在同一客体之上。例如，可在用经典力学描述云室中的高速粒子的同时使用统计描述而计算出该粒子受到微弱干扰造成的位子不确定度。现在，高精密度实验恰好证实了即使是宏观物体，也有测不准的成份。这在本文看来是很正常的:如果随机干扰的力量比惯性运动力量小四个数量级，那么，统计方法描述的空间不确定范围必在比牛顿定律描述结果低四个数量级的范围之内。宇宙背景辅射、人间噪声等都可成为随机干扰的动力源。总之，最新的关于测量的实验结果支持本文的结论（因为“大物体在特小范围内也测不准”的最新实验结果需要定域实在论描述与统计描述相容的理论解释）。由轨道运动方程（规律）导出了不确定度关系可使经典运动规律的适用范围从宏观领域延伸到微观领域。本文从逻辑上认可了“核外电子既是粒子又是波”在一定条件下可同时采用波动描述和定域实在论的描述。另一方面也能将测不准原理的适用范围从微观领域扩展到宏观（或经典运动）领域。这一优点决定了本文不是倒退到经典定域实在论的老路上去，更不是在完全的统计决定论的道路上走得更远，而是站到了“定域实在论与统计决定论相容”的高度，使九泉之下的爱因斯坦和波尔可以握手言和。

     8 结束语

    按理说，非决定论意义的 Heisenberg 关系是量子论的基本原理，扩展了不确定度关系的意义对整个量子论就有重大影响。正统量子论及其解释不是完全不正确而是偏离了辩证的轨道。本文的目的就是想使量子力学及其解释系统变得更加辩证，且通过发现 Heisenberg 关系还有决定论意义和提出一条假设而办到了。本文有参考价值的主要原因是“改进量子力学解释系统但不否认正统量子论的成功应用”，而正统量子论的特点恰恰是内在的逻辑性欠佳但应用相当成功。也就是说，本文介绍的思想可以做到扬其长而补其短。

    基础研究一般可分为两大类:甲）在已有的框架之内完善和发展已有的理论；乙）突破甚至重建理论框架。甲类易引起共鸣也就易于被接受，乙类需要读者改变观念，一般难以被接受（历史上的科学蒙难就是这个原因）。本文开拓了新的思维空间，因此说它远离前沿是不正确的。波为什么要弯曲而沿闭合路径传播是需要解释的和验证的。本文基本假设可预言:波长远短于测量空间的光线（特别是圆编振光线）在特强非均匀电磁场中会发生偏转（或表现出类电荷特性）。日本学者内田秀男的实验应该受到重视。

    狄拉克曾明确指出:“我认为很有可能在将来某个时候，我们会得出一个改进的量子力学，使其回到决定论。只有放弃某些基本思想为代价才能办到，而这些基本思想我们现在认为是没有问题的。”[8]本文介绍的工作就是将粒子性理解为所研究客体非全域弥散的存在区域的定域性，从而将量子力学改进成了决定论和非决定论连通统一的理论，但不是完全回到决定论。人们不会忘记，测不准原理与经典运动规律相容正是人们在测不准原理发现之初的强烈愿望。

     参考文献

    [1] 涂润生. 测不准关系具有决定论和非决定论的双重意义[J], 山东师大学报(自然科学版)，

    1999. 14(3): 64~65.

    [2] 潭天荣. 量子力学实在论并未失败［J］，武钢大学学报，1995，7(4): 61~69.

    [3] R. T. Weidner, R. L. Sells. Elementary modem Physics [M]. New York: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 1980.

    [4] Zhou Hailin. Binding Force in Wave-Particle Interaction [J], Nuclear Fusion and Plasma

    Physics , 1998.18(1): 11~16.

    [5] 涂润生. 一种美化量子力学的方案[J] ，山东师大学报(自科版). 2000，15(1):31~33.

    [6] 涂润生. 一种简洁的量子力学描述方式[J]，宁夏工学院报(自科版). 1998, 10(1):117~123.

    [7] 朗道. 量子力学:理论物理简明教程Vol.2[M].北京:高等教育出版社，1990，231~233.

    [8] P. A. M. Dirac. Direction in Physics [M]. New York: John wiley, 1978.

     The Scientific Significance of Uncertainty Relation And Classical Law to Be Compatible :The Must Result that Uncertainty Relation Has Determinism Significance

Tu Runsheng

    （128 Huangzhou Avenue, Agency of Product Quality Inspection in Huanggang City, Hubei Prcvince, CHINA）

     Abstract

    Uncertainty relation has the dual significance of determinism-indeterminism. It can improve the explanation system of quantum mechanics and can beautify the logical system of quantum mechanics (can reduce the premise and do not need those intuition imagine when relativistic quantum mechanics is established). Owing to uncertainty principle and classical law excluded each other to be changed into forgiven each other, therefore we can both using the method of classical mechanics law in quantum mechanics and use the uncertainty principle in classical mechanics, and under given conditions we can use orbital concept and wave function at the same time. It is the ironclad evidence to be no different meanings that uncertainty relation can obtained by strictly analysis can indicate: both available experiment and theory can’t strongly testify that the particles in quantum system are the ghost whose true face to be showing for me only when it is observed. If above thinking and the latest experimental result obtained by Aspect etc are contradictory, the source of the problem is come from the explanation for Aspect’s experiment.

    Keywords: New significance of uncertainty relation, Explanation system of quantum mechanics, Classical orbital concept, Phase-rail-line, Photo-atom.

    PACS: 03.65.Bz

    * 作者的较详细介绍: